If you have not heard of Brython, it is one of the most popular in-browser Python implementations. From the top of Brython's documentation: "Brython's goal is to replace Javascript with Python, as the scripting language for web browsers." Brython is a long way from reaching this goal, because as we will see below, it has serious performance issues. Brython is slow because of its conformant implementation of the Python standard, which is very dynamic and is generally hard to map to JavaScript.
The following tests compare the performance of Brython 1.1, Python 2.7, PyPy 1.9 and PythonJS 0.8.3. Note that PyPy tests were done with a warmed up JIT. These tests were performed with N=100,000 on a dual core 2.4GHZ machine with 4GB of ram. (test scores below are given in seconds)
Test1 - for loop:
a = 0
for x in range( N ):
a += 1
- Brython: 6.8249
- Python: 0.0064
- PyPy: 0.00267
- PythonJS: 0.0009
In a simple for loop over a range, with a single variable incremented: Brython is 1,000 times slower than Python, and 7,500 times slower the PythonJS. Lets examine the output of Brython to see why it is so slow.
Brython Output
a=$globals["a"]=Number(0)
var $iter61=iter( range.__call__(N) )
var $no_break61=true;
while(true){
try{
x=$globals["x"]=$iter61.__next__()
}
catch($err){
if($err.__name__=="StopIteration"){break}
else{throw($err)}
}
document.$line_info=[21,"__main__"];None;
$temp=Number(1)
if(!hasattr(a,"__iadd__")){
a=$globals["a"]=a.__add__($temp)
}
else{
a=a.__iadd__($temp)
}
}
As we can see above, Brython generates alot of code for such a simple for loop. Instead of using JavaScript's native number type, Brython has its own Number object. It has a try/catch to catch the StopIteration exception, and also it testing each loop if the number has a method __iadd__, and if not it falls back to using __add__.
Lets take a look at how PythonJS translates the same code, and why it is 7,500 times faster in this case.
PythonJS Output
a = 0;
var x;
x = 0;
while(x < N) {
a += 1
x += 1
}
The PythonJS compiler knows that a for loop over a range is actually just a simple loop that can be translated to fast JavaScript.
Test2 - while loop:
a = 0
i = 0
while i < N:
a += 1
i += 1
- Brython: 13.5709
- Python: 0.01008
- PyPy: 0.00144
- PythonJS: 0.001
Things get worse for Brython when the loop gets more complicated, this tests increments two values. In this test Brython is 1,300 times slower than Python.
Test3 - calling simple function:
a = 0
for x in range(N):
a += no_args()
- Brython: 7.717
- Python: 0.0137
- PyPy: 0.0025169
- PythonJS: 0.0019
Test4 - function call with normal arguments:
a = 0
for x in range(N):
a += no_kwargs(1,2,3)
- Brython: 15.3209
- Python: 0.0250
- PyPy: 0.00279
- PythonJS: 0.3729
- PythonJS + with fastdef: 0.0039
In this test PythonJS is 14 times slower than Python, this is because by default PythonJS functions that take arguments, have logic to check those arguments at runtime, and to also check if the function was called from JavaScript and if so - adapt the arguments. This can be bypassed using the @fastdef function decorator, or fastdef with statement `with fastdef:`.
In the above test, PythonJS with fastdef is 6.4 times faster than Python. Note that you can still call fastdef function from external JavaScript, you only need to pack arguments into an array as the first argument, and pack keyword args into an Object as the second argument. Example: func( [x,y,z], {a:1, b:2, c:3} )
Test5 - function call with keyword arguments:
a = 0
for x in range(N):
a += call_kwargs(1,2,3, x=1, y=2, z=3)
- Brython: 14.75
- Python: 0.0370
- PyPy: 0.00417
- PythonJS: 0.631
- PythonJS + with fastdef: 0.006
Conclusion
Brython is slow and heavy, written almost entirely in JavaScript, and closely follows the Python language standards. Its runtime brython.js is 227KB. Its tokenizer and compiler, py2js.js is 3,500 lines of JavaScript code. It lacks static type analysis and optimizations. Brython is able to translate Python code to JavaScript on the client side. Its performance is much slower than Python.
PythonJS is fast and light weight, written in pure Python, and tries to balance performance concerns with the Python language standards (read more here). Its runtime pythonjs.js is 98KB. The PythonJS translator is 1,900 lines of Python code. The translator includes static type analysis, and optimizes operator overloading and attribute access. It lacks a tokenizer and currently can only translate code on the server side using Python2 as its host. Its performance can surpass Python and approach PyPy in some cases, because it tries to output JavaScript JIT friendly code.
PythonJS 0.8.3 Released
Today I have released PythonJS 0.8.3, this includes the new fastdef and fast for loop optimizations. The performance test above is also included under tests/test_performance.html. The next release of PythonJS will feature integration with NodeJS.
